Tuesday, January 28, 2020
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Soldiers in Iran Essay Example for Free
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Soldiers in Iran Essay Abstract            The conditions of post-traumatic conditions have been one of the major side effects on soldiers engaging wars and negative environment in the area of Iran. The psychological impact of this event involves various manifestations that prove to be non-beneficial and may even impair the psychological, mental, emotional and physical health of these soldiers. Even though the condition is widely known, the advent of social conflicts and emerging wars in the Pakistani- Iran environment has continuously caused the negative trauma among soldiers facing the threats. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PSTD) in Soldiers in Iran Introduction            In general psychological perspective, soldiers who engage in war with exposure to at least one battle can suffer trauma. The longer the exposure to war’s traumatic circumstances the deeper the post-traumatic sense of a life-death continuum that rests at the heart of the PTSD syndrome. Soldiers with exposure to trauma would experience various post-traumatic states. In a military culture that emphasizes courage under fire, counterphobic impulsivity would dominate as the ideal mental and emotion state, and promoted the aggressive personality. Each soldier has a breaking point at which phobia breaks through. In some cases, phobia dominated from the beginning. The point at which the soldier’s spirit broke would lead to a state pf phobic withdrawal. In either case, the exposure to battle or an environment where death and dying by implements of war were common would create a life-death continuum (Reid, 2001 p.427).            As soldiers rotated home or were sent home wounded, difficulties became apparent. While many came home and resumed their lives, some brought home drug dependencies and emotional problems, including explosive anger, distrust of others and vigilance beyond what was considered normal. The problems came to the attention of the medical groups, Andover time, doctors and psychiatrists began to elaborate on the concept of traumatic stress and PSTD (Roberts, 2003 p. 6). The most immediate effects of traumatic scenarios are manifested in the sensory that causes overload through sudden exposure to the bewildering, often exotic details of a much less advanced and alien society. Iran-American soldiers are both victims of the traumatic events experienced in the war; thus, engages these individuals in PSTD. Discussion PSTD: An Overview            What is now referred to as PSTD has been around since recorded history under many different designations and description, and the most prominent manifestations are for those individuals who engage in traumatic events, such as war and deviant phenomenon (Lewis, 2006 p,63). PSTD occurs in response to the personal experience of overwhelming, terrifying, potentially lethal stress directed toward oneself or someone with whom the individual has a close attachment. The condition is a unique mental disorder that develops directly as a result of exposure to some type of trauma (Lewis, 2006 p,62). Examples of possible precipitations of PSTD would include severe automobile accidents, being raped or assaulted, and being exposed violent events. The individual then re-experiences the event in various ways, such as recurrent stressful recollections of the event, dreams of the event, and a sense that the traumatic event may be occurring again. The individual then attempts to avoid such cues in different methodologies, such as numbing of responses or becoming distant and removed (Mitchell, 2001 p.107).            In the field of traumatic stress studies, it has been common, if not traditionally accepted, to define trauma by the nature of the stressors that influence the individual. Psychologically traumatic event can be construed as one in which the person has experienced an external stressor event that is injurious to the normal state and results in a condition that reflects this injury to the pre-traumatic state of being (Lewis, 2006 p,62-63). Thus, the injury caused by a traumatic event could produce varying degrees of distress to the victim for varying lengths of time, depending on the nature of the person, the nature of the traumatic experience, and the personal and social resources available for recovery and re-stabilization of the psychological state (Williams, 1994 p.7). PSTD is an unusual emotional disorder in that unlike disorders, such as depression and panic disorder, it is not defined simply in terms of its symptoms. To qualify for a diagnosis of PSTD, an individual must be exposed to an incident in which he or she feels that his or her life, safety, or emotional integrity has been seriously threatened. Often, for victims who have experienced a traumatic event, they may first be diagnosed with an adjustment disorder or an acute stress disorder (Lewis, 2006 p,62). Wars have provided a setting where large numbers of soldiers, subjected to varying degrees of stress, could be observed and studied by physicians of the period. The stress caused by war has been codified and labeled with such terms as: combat exhaustion, traumatic war neurosis, war or combat stress and, most recently, PSTD (Scrignar, 1991 p.87). Assessing traumatic experiences and understanding their impact on the trauma victim involve determining what is stored in the trauma network. While keeping the stimulus, response, and meaning dimensions in mind, the clinician should listen carefully to the clients account of the trauma, and then inquire explicitly about memory elements that are absent or de-emphasized (Williams, 1992 p.24). PSTD symptoms are generally grouped into three categories (Lewis, 2006 p,63) Re-experiencing includes disturbed sleep, intrusive memories, distressing dreams, nightmares, flashbacks, reliving the event, a view of the world as unsafe. Numbing and avoidance mistrust of others, isolation and disconnection, emotional or psychic numbness, low self-esteem, neglect of health, dissociation, ability to remember memories or feelings but not both, memory loss for certain events, loss of faith and hope. Hyperarousal – intense emotions, difficulty sleeping, panic and anxiousness, self-harm, risky behaviors, irritability, anger, difficulty concentrating. PSTD: Sufferings of the Soldiers            In the aftermath of September 11, many parents and educators have struggled to help young people cope with traumatic events and have sought out ways to teach about crises without causing more trauma and stress. The conflict between Iran and United States has been pushed to its very limits; hence, initiated catastrophic moves during 2001 up to present, which caused the another class of America-Iran war. Many studies conducted by the American Psychiatric Association indicated that many American soldiers experience post-traumatic stress disorder, which follows a psychologically traumatic event outside of the range of usual human experiences. The symptoms may include nightmares, depression, withdrawal, hopelessness, sleep disorders, and other somatic complaints. The terrorism of September 11, 2001, and its association with Afghanistan have only added to the stress faced by the soldiers as well as the refugees living in the area as well as United States (Andrews and Boyle, 2002 p.328).            Military psychologists have long known that fear, stress, and exhaustion cause more casualties than do bombs and bullets. The ratios of psychological to physical casualties can be enormous considering the fact that war-related trauma is potentially severe, repeated and prolonged. Many American soldiers who fought for Iran and Afghanistan war during terrorism counter-siege have experienced immense manifestations psychological torture. According to psychological analysts, the primary goal of terrorism is to inflict psychological trauma for political ends. The exploitation of terror for political purposes is hardly new, when the French government employed terrorism to buttress the revolution (Allen, 2005 p.9).            According to statistics issued by United States Army of mental health, 76% of soldiers have been traumatized by deaths or severe injuries of individuals close to them, while 55% of the soldiers have experienced near-death situations (e.g. bomb explosions, bomb trap, and roadside explosions). These causations have been deemed as the primary contributor to the occurrence of the said conditions (Weinstein, 2006). The table below shows the decline and rise of lethality, fatality and psychological trauma caused by the terrorism in the surveyed American military force. Table 1. Decline and Rise of Lethality, Fatality and Psychological Trauma Caused by the Terrorism Year U.S Dept. of State # Incidents U.S. Dept. of State # of Fatalities U.S Dept. of State #. Psychologically Traumatized 1994 322 314 663 1995 440 177 6,277 1996 296 314 2,915 1997 304 221 693 1998 273 741 5,952 1999 392 233 706 2000 423 405 791 2001 567 * 50,000 8,902 2002 663 * 20,000 16,321 Note: * Data are crude estimates only since, the number of fatalities is yet to be determined due to lack of data available. Source: Das and Peter, 2003 p.43-44            The table above shows variably rising and falling statistics with certain timeline that determines the probable cause of the rise and fall. For example, the recent terrorism attacks of 2001 has caused immense fatalities, and the number continued to progress but greatly lowered since most of the fatalities during 2002 are mostly from military activities. However, sad to say, the number of those who has been traumatized increased in two-folds due to the war that these military powers engaged. The trauma caused by war caused psychological impact due to trauma among these soldiers as manifested by the table statistics above; hover, PSTD may not be the sole classification of the trauma caused by the said impact. Other psychological trauma-related conditions have been reported to occur in these soldiers, such as phobia, severe anxiety disorders, etc (Das and Peter, 2003 p.45-46).            Post-traumatic conditions have been found to most of the soldiers that entered the episodes of war. Only recently (2006), the Ministry of Defense has decided to reward $375,000 upon membership to Armed Forces who have suffered PSTD from Iraq-American wars (Evans, 2006). The federal government has allotted these funds in order to provide free treatment of those soldiers who incur physical and psychological damage from the field, such as those with PSTD. Medications for PSTD patients, such as Fluoexetine, sertraline, paroxetine, propanolol, have been provided by the government in order to ensure the treatment progression of these soldiers. Furthermore, psychological counseling, treatment and management for remedy of phobia or trauma have been initiated through federal government’s grants (Weinstein, 2006; Evans, 2006). References: Allen, J. G. (2005). Coping with Trauma: Hope Through Understanding. American Psychiatric Pub. Andrews, M. M., Boyle, J. S. (2002). Transcultural Concepts in Nursing Care. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Das, D. K., Kratcoski, P. C. (2003). Meeting the Challenges of Global Terrorism: Prevention, Control, and Global Terrorism. Lexington Books. Evans, M. (2006, November 17). MoD agrees  £375,000 for post-trauma stress. Retrieved January 10, 2008, from Times Online: http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/iraq/article1087438.ece Lewis, G. W. (2006). Organizational Crisis Management: The Human Factor. CRC Press. Matiolli, D. J. (2003, January). War with Iraq. Social Education, 67, Mitchell, J. (2001). Points of View: Stories of Psychopathology. Psychology Press. Reid, J. J. (2000). Crisis of the Ottoman Empire: Prelude to Collapse 1839-1878. Franz Steiner Verlag. Roberts, C. A. (2003). Coping with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Guide for Families. McFarland Company. Scott, M. J., Stradling, S. G. (2000). Counselling for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. SAGE. Scrignar, C. B. (1991). Stress Strategies: The Treatment of the Anxiety Disorders. Wellness Institute, Inc.. Weinstein, M. N. (2006, January). The Psychological Dilemma of Terrorism Post 9-11. Annals of the American Psychotherapy Association, 3, Williams, M. B. (1994). Handbook of Post-Traumatic Therapy. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
Monday, January 20, 2020
Symbolism :: essays research papers
Symbolism      In each of the three works Animal Farm, written by George Orwell, Lord of the Flies, written by William Golding, and â€Å"The Tragedy of Julius Caesar†, written by William Shakespeare all have a strong common characteristic. Keeping in mind each author came from different backgrounds and had very different motivations for writing each novel/play it’s ironic that in each story the main idea is redundant. Each of the three stories uses symbolism as a way to relate conflicts in the story to the conflicts in the real world. Symbolism in Lord of the Flies      In Lord of the Flies, William Golding uses symbolism in three important areas: objects that have symbolic value as references to ideas, characters that symbolize important religious and historical people, and the setting which frames conflict on the island in comparison to the whole world. (Bernard Oldsley, pg. 215)      Many objects in the Lord of the Flies have symbolic value. The conch shell represents power and authority, Ralph uses the shell to call for the boys to come to the meetings, whoever has the shell has the power to talk. â€Å"The conch shows how people use objects to give power in the world, like a crown, ribbon, or other things that show who has power. We also learn that objects don’t really give a lot of power when people choose not to obey it, like Ralph’s conch.†(Steven Magill, pg. 2059)      The pigs head of Lord of the Flies are both important objects, to Jack it’s a sacrifice for the beast. This object shows that people will make religions and rituals to control their world, even when what they think is not true. (Chris Dakins, pg. 123)      The Lord of the Flies is also a symbol of Satan or the Devil. When Simon talked to the Lord of the Flies â€Å"he learned what the real evil was, which is in people’s hearts.†(Chelsea House, pg. 22). The Lord of the Flies is a symbol of the things we make up to be the cause for evil, when those things aren’t the real reason.      The fire is a symbol of hope and rescue. When the fire was burning bright, it was because the boys were working very hard to get rescued. When the fire burned out it was because many boys, like Jack did not care anymore about being rescued. In the end, the fire that got them rescued was not meant for rescue it was there because Jack was burning down the island to kill Ralph.
Sunday, January 12, 2020
Nutrition and Diet Therapy Essay
As one can see from this table, my calorie consumption was consistently under or at the maximum limit that Supertracker set for me. Compared to the first food journal and diet analysis that I completed this is a drastic change for the better. I followed my own recommendation to decrease my daily caloric intake from the first diet analysis. As you may recall from my first diet analysis, I exceeded my total calories limit for each of the five days; one day I consumed over 2500 calories. I was proud to see that I was capable of making such a healthy change by using a little self-control. c) According to the â€Å"five-hundred rule†, in order to lose or gain one pound of body fat per week, one must have a difference of 500 kcalories either way (500 more to gain, 500 less to lose) than the body uses per day for 7 days. This adds up to a difference of 3500 kcalories in order to lose a pound (Lutz & Przytulski, 2011). For day one, I consumed 561 kcalories less than my limit of 180 0 kcal. On day two, I ate 789 kcal less than my limit and burned 822 kcal by biking. On day three, again I ate 565 kcal less than my limit and burned 822 kcal by biking. I ate 480 kcal less than my body used on day four. However, day five consisted of almost the full 1800 kcal (1795 exactly) consumed and expended. For the whole week, this adds up to a difference of 4,044 kcal. In other words, I lost a little over a pound during the week of 10/7-10/11 because I ate 2400 kcal less than my body used and burned 1644 kcal by means of physical activity. As you may recall, I did not engage in any physical activity during the first diet analysis, so doing so played a large role in my success. d) (United States Department of Agriculture). In comparing the meal summary reports from diet analysis one to diet analysis two, I see that I ate less overall during the time period for diet analysis two. For a couple of the days, I didn’t eat very much for dinner and for almost all for the days, I decreased my portion sizes. For example, on 10/10, I only ate one slice of French toast for breakfast. Before I completed my first diet analysis and recommendations, I might have eaten two or three slices at a time. Also, I ate less fast food during the second diet analysis compared to the first; this fulfills another recommendation (decrease fast food intake). Likewise, I can see in this meal summary that I made the effort to eat fruits and vegetablesâ€â€another recommendation fulfilled. e) I did indeed change my physical activity for this diet analysis. I rode my bike two nights out of the five for an hour each time. This is an improvement compared to my complete lack of physical activity during the first diet analysis. I think I made the change because of how awful it looked on paper to not have exercised at all for almost a full week. Additionally, it felt good to be doing something healthy for my body and I’m glad I made the effort. f) The three foods highest in kcalories are listed in the table below: Food Number of kcal Macaroni and cheese 672 Chili with beef, beans, and cheese 635 Chicken pot pie 486 From the first diet analysis, the following were the foods highest in kcal and their number of kcal: Food Number of kcal Double cheeseburger 748 Burrito 628 Potato salad 525 Comparing the two, I see that my food with the highest number of calories for diet analysis two was lower than the food with the highest number of calories from diet analysis one. In other words, I improved in that the foods that I consumed for diet analysis two were not quite as high in caloric count. g) I could still use some tips and guidance as to how to reduce the number of calories that I consume in order to continue to meet caloric recommendations. So, upon researching the topic, I found that according to an article by Harms et al. (2012), there are two simple ways of reducing the number of calories in one’s diet. First, eliminating food items that are high in calories and replacing them with food items that are low in calories can make a big difference in one’s total calorie count. For instance, I could eliminate about 136 calories for every time that I replace a can of Coke for a bottle of sparkling water. This concept and recommendation is more appealing to me and has a better chance of success than my earlier recommendation from diet analysis one of simply eliminating Coke. Another example of an exchange that I could make is switching from 2% milk to skim milk in order to cut the calories in half while still receiving the beneficial nutrients of milk like calcium and vitamin D (Harms, R. W. et al. 2012). The second way that I could reduce my total calorie count is by reducing the sizes of the portions of food that I am consuming. In the article by Harms et al. (2012), there is a good reminder that as the serving size is increased, the total number of calories increases; so, if I eat double or triple the serving size, I am also eating double or triple the total calories. As I stand right now, I do not read food labels. However, if I would read the food labels of the foods that I eat in order to discover the true serving size and calorie count, I am sure that I would be enlightened. An example of a reduced serving size for me could be eating a 4 inch pancake instead of a 6 inch pancake, eliminating more than half of the calories consumed (Harms, R. W. et al. 2012). Reducing portion sizes was also a recommendation from my first diet analysis, yet I did not know the impact it could have on my calorie count. Another step I can take in reducing the total number of calories that I am consuming is by not skipping meals. As I look at my first diet analysis as well as my second one, I can see where I skipped meals just drinking a glass of milk for breakfast or a can of Coke or a bottle of water for lunch or dinner. This is not a wise choice. Skipping meals makes a person hungrier, in turn making it more difficult to limit portion sizes and make healthy food choices at the next meal. Instead, filling up on foods that are high in fiber and water like fruits, vegetables, and soups can help with satiety while controlling and reducing caloric intake. References 5 ways to cut 500 calories from your diet. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.boston.com/lifestyle/health/gallery/500_calories?pg=6 Harms, R. W., Berge, K. G., Hagen, P. T., Litin, S. C., Sheps, S. G., Edwards, B. S., †¦ Pruthi, S. (2012, June 19). Counting calories: getting back to weight loss basics. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/calories/WT00011/NSECTIONGROUP=2 Lutz, C. A. & Przytulski, K. R. (2011). Nutrition and diet therapy (5th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: F. A. Davis Company United States Department of Agriculture. (n.d.). Meal summary report. Retrieved from https://www.supertracker.usda.gov/MealSummaryReport.aspx
Saturday, January 4, 2020
The War Of A National Highway System - 1463 Words
The term New Frontier was used by liberal, Democratic presidential candidate John F. Kennedy in his acceptance speech. Kennedy entered office with the goal to get rid of Americas poverty, and to raise America’s eyes to the stars through the space program. During the New Frontier, unemployment benefits were expanded, aid was provided to cities to improve housing and transportation, funds were allocated to continue the construction of a national highway system started under Eisenhower, a water pollution control act was passed to protect the country’s rivers and streams, and an agricultural act to raise farmers’ incomes was made law. The bay of pigs invasion was a failed military invasion of Cuba. Brigade 2506, the group that attempted to invade cuba, was made up of Cubans who fled the country after Castro’s takeover, was trained and funded by the CIA. The CIA Castro gone because he was a communist, and at the time everyone was afraid of communists. This attack lasted three days before Brigade 2506 was defeated. The Cuban missile crisis, also known as the October crisis, was a confrontation between the U.S and Soviet Union and was the closest the Cold War came to being an actual war. In response to the failed Bay of Pigs invasion, Castro reached out to the Soviet Union and asked for nuclear missiles to scare away any more countries thinking about attacking Cuba. After a long period of tense negotiations, an agreement was reached between President John F.Show MoreRelatedEssay On American Economic Development971 Words  | 4 PagesOn June 29, 1956, the Federal Aid Highway Act was passed allowing for the construction of the Interstate Highway System. These limited-access highways would open the door for economic development across the country with their higher speeds and consistent route across state lines. 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